The Node.js cluster module is an excellent way to improve server performance, but when running clustered servers in production, additional features are often needed for optimal man
MSMuhammad SufiyanSoftware Engineer · Jul 25
Backend Engineering HubT-
The Node.js cluster module is an excellent way to improve server performance, but when running clustered servers in production, additional features are often needed for optimal management. That’s where PM2, a powerful process manager, comes into play.
What is PM2?
PM2 is a production-ready process manager for Node.js applications that extends the capabilities of the cluster module. While PM2 uses the cluster module under the hood (specifically in cluster mode), it adds numerous features that streamline the management of clustered processes.
Whether it’s restarting processes on code changes, handling failures, or monitoring performance, PM2 simplifies many tasks commonly required in production environments.
Why Use PM2 for Cluster Management?
PM2 offers several benefits over directly using the cluster module:
1. Automatic Restarts on Code Changes: PM2 has a built-in watch and restart mode. When you update your code, PM2 detects the changes and restarts the processes automatically, similar to how nodemon works for single-process applications. 2. Failure Recovery: If a worker process crashes, PM2 can automatically restart it to ensure continuous availability of your application. 3. Graceful Shutdowns: PM2 allows you to implement graceful shutdown strategies, ensuring that processes complete their current tasks before shutting down. 4. Logging and Monitoring: PM2 provides comprehensive logging and monitoring capabilities:
Real-time monitoring of memory usage, CPU usage, and other key metrics.
Centralized log management for all processes.
1. Load Balancing with Cluster Mode: PM2’s cluster mode leverages the Node.js cluster module to balance incoming requests across multiple worker processes efficiently. 2. Cross-Technology Compatibility: While designed for Node.js, PM2 can also manage processes written in other languages or frameworks, making it a versatile tool.
Installing PM2
PM2 is available on the npm registry and can be installed globally for ease of use:
npm install -g pm2
Alternatively, you can install it locally within your project:
npm install pm2 --save
For development convenience, you can install it globally as well:
npm install -g pm2
This enables you to use PM2 commands directly from the terminal.
Key Features of PM2
1. Cluster Mode: PM2’s cluster mode allows you to run multiple instances of your Node.js application:
pm2 start app.js -i max
1. The -i max flag automatically spawns as many processes as there are CPU cores available, optimizing resource utilization. 2. Watch and Restart: To restart your application automatically on file changes:
pm2 start app.js --watch
1. Graceful Shutdown: PM2 can manage shutdowns gracefully by listening for termination signals in your application code:
process.on('SIGINT', () => {
console.log('Shutting down gracefully...');
// Perform cleanup tasks here
process.exit();
});
1. Process Monitoring: To monitor running processes:
pm2 monit
1. This provides a real-time dashboard of memory usage, CPU load, and other metrics. 2. Log Management: View logs for all processes:
pm2 logs
1. View historical logs with:
pm2 logs --lines 200
1. Restart Strategies: Configure restart strategies to handle application failures. PM2 supports options like automatic restarts with a delay or limited retry counts.
PM2 in Action
Starting a Process:
To start your application with PM2:
pm2 start index.js
This runs your application as a single instance.
Clustering:
To run in cluster mode:
pm2 start index.js -i max
Replace max with the number of instances you want or let PM2 determine the optimal number.
Listing Processes:
Check the running processes:
pm2 list
Stopping and Deleting Processes:
Stop a specific process:
pm2 stop server
Delete it from PM2’s management:
pm2 delete server
Advanced Logging:
To view real-time logs:
pm2 logs
For historical logs:
pm2 logs --lines 200
PM2 supports log rotation and can save logs to a file, preventing server overload from large log files.
Simplifying Your Code:
PM2 simplifies code by removing the need to manually manage the cluster module. Here’s an example of optimized server code (Do not forget to disable cache):
import express from 'express';
import cluster from 'cluster';
import os from 'os';
const app = express();
app.get('/route', (req, res) => {
res.send(`Route handled by process ${process.pid}`);
});
app.get('/timer', (req, res) => {
setTimeout(() => {
res.send(`Timer completed by process ${process.pid}`);
}, 9000);
});
app.listen(3000, () => {
console.log(`Worker ${process.pid} is listening on port 3000`);
});
Run this with:
pm2 start server.js -i max
Key Takeaways
PM2 extends the Node.js cluster module by adding essential production-grade features.
It simplifies tasks like automatic restarts, failure recovery, logging, and performance monitoring.
PM2’s versatility and ease of use make it a go-to choice for managing Node.js applications in production environments.
In the next lesson, we’ll dive into exploring advanced PM2 capabilities. Stay tuned!
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Why Use PM2 for Cluster Management?
Clustering: